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Deviation correction strategy for the earth pressure balance shield based on shield–soil interactions

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0676-4

摘要： The control system presently used in shield posture rectification is based on driver experience, which is marginally reliable. The study of the related theory is flawed. Therefore, a decision-making approach for the deviation correction trajectory and posture rectification load for an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield is proposed. A calculation model of posture rectification load of an EPB shield is developed by considering the interactions among the cutter head, shield shell, and ground. The additional position change during the shield attitude correction is highlighted. The posture rectification loads and shield behaviors results can be solved by the proposed method. The influences of the stratum distribution (i.e., bedrock height in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata) on shield behaviors and posture rectification loads are analyzed. Results indicated that the increase of pitch angle in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata causes a sharp rise in vertical displacement. The bedrock height increases the magnitudes of the required posture rectification moments when h_r/D > 0.5. For a tunnel with h_r/D ≤ 0.5, the variation of h_r/D has little effect on the posture rectification moments. Finally, the posture rectifying curves based on the theoretical model are compared with the target ones based on the double circular arc interpolation method. The required results can be obtained regardless of the soil–rock compound stratum distribution. The maximum rectification moment in the rock layer is almost 12.6 times that in the soil layer. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for moment determination and the trajectory prediction of posture rectification in compound strata.

关键词： additional position change deviation correction trajectory earth pressure balance shield mechanical model posture rectification

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Experimental study on the stratum applicability and mechanisms of bubble–slurry for earth pressure balance

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》页码 1387-1399 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0005-y

摘要： Soil conditioning is essential for addressing the stratum applicability problem of earth pressure balance (EPB) shields. Under high water pressures, EPB shields spew water and soil when excavating coarse-grained strata. Typically, foam combined with polymers and slurry is used to solve spewing. However, in current techniques, slurry, foam, and the other agents are mixed with soil separately, their synergistic effect is seldom realized. In this study, an anionic surfactant was used to foam in bentonite slurry to form bubble–slurry to maximize the synergy between bubbles and slurry. The slump, volume stability, and permeability test of bubble–slurry-conditioned sand was conducted to examine the conditioning effect, and the stratum applicability of bubble–slurry was determined from the perspective of permeability. It was found that the conditioning effect of bubble–slurry in coarse gravel soil was excellent and could expand the applicability of EPB shields. The main stabilization mechanism of bubble–slurry is that bentonite particles provide a space barrier for bubbles. And three seepage modes of bubble–slurry-conditioned sand were innovatively defined, and the occurrence conditions of the three seepage modes were analyzed according to the permeability coefficient of sand, initial dynamic shear force of bubble–slurry, and hydraulic gradient.

关键词： EPB shield bubble–slurry soil conditioning stability permeability

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Experimental study on working parameters of earth pressure balance shield machine tunneling in soft ground

ZHU Hehua, LIAO Shaoming, XU Qianwei, ZHENG Qizhen

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 350-358 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0051-5

摘要： Deep sedimentary deposits of soft clays are widely distributed in coastal areas as well as many interior major cities in China. In order to study the stratum adaptability of earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine tunneling in such types of soft ground, model tests of tunneling excavation, using the running tunnel of the Shanghai Metro Line M8 as a background, are carried out with different over burden ratios, opening rates of cutter head, driving speeds and rotation speeds of screw conveyor. Based on the test results, the interrelationships between chamber pressure and mucking efficiency, mucking rate and driving speed, thrust force and torque are obtained. The influences of tunnel depth, opening rate of cutter head and driving speed on thrust force and torque are revealed. Such findings can not only facilitate establishing relationships between shield working parameters and soil properties, but also serve as a guide for the design and construction of shield tunnel in soft ground.

关键词： construction different coastal conveyor excavation

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Identification of abnormal operating conditions and intelligent decision system

Xiuliang LI, Junjie JIANG, Hongye SU, Jian CHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第6卷第4期页码 456-462 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0224-0

摘要：

In earth pressure balance (EPB) shield construction, the “plastic flow state” is difficult to form using the soil dug in the capsule because it can cause three abnormal operating conditions, including occlusion, caking in the capsule, and spewing at the outlet of the dump device. These abnormal operating conditions can, in turn, trigger failure in tunneling, cutter-device damage, and even catastrophic incidents, such as ground settlement. This present paper effectively integrates the mechanism of abnormal operating conditions and knowledge of soil conditioning, and establishes a uniform model of identifying abnormal conditions and intelligent decision support system based on the belief rule-base system. The model maximizes knowledge in improving the soil, construction experience, and data to optimize the model online. Finally, a numerical simulation with specific construction data is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

关键词： earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine soil pressure cabin abnormal operating condition belief rule-base system

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Upper bound solution to seismic active earth pressure of submerged backfill subjected to partial drainage

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期页码 1480-1493 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0776-y

摘要： In waterfront geotechnical engineering, seismic and drainage conditions must be considered in the design of retaining structures. This paper proposes a general analytical method to evaluate the seismic active earth pressure on a retaining wall with backfill subjected to partial steady seepage flow under seismic conditions. The method comprises the following steps: i) determination of the total head, ii) upper bound solution of seismic active earth thrust, and iii) deduction for the earth pressure distribution. The determination of total head h(x,z) relies on the Fourier series expansions, and the expressions of the seismic active earth thrust and pressure are derived by using the upper bound theorem. Parametric studies reveal that insufficient drainage and earthquakes are crucial factors that cause unfavorable earth pressure. The numerical results confirm the validity of the total head distribution. Comparisons indicate that the proposed method is consistent with other relevant existing methods in terms of predicting seismic active earth pressure. The method can be applied to the seismic design of waterfront retaining walls.

关键词： seismic active earth pressure partial seepage flow pore pressure anisotropy upper bound theorem

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Simulation analysis of pressure regulation of hydraulic thrust system on a shield tunneling machine

Zhibin LIU, Haibo XIE, Huayong YANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第6卷第3期页码 377-382 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0226-y

摘要：

Hydraulic thrust system is an important system in a shield tunneling machine. Pressure regulation of thrust cylinders is the most important function for thrust system during tunnel excavation. In this paper, a hydraulic thrust system is explained, and a corresponding simulation model is carried out in order to study the system characteristics. Pressure regulation of a certain group’s cylinders has little influence on regulation of the other groups’ cylinders. The influence will not affect the process much during tunnel excavation. Pump displacement may have a greater effect on pressure regulation and oil supply flow rate should be adaptive to the system’s demand. A exacting situation is simulated to explain how pressure regulation works during tunnel excavation.

关键词： tunnel hydraulic thrust system pressure regulation simulation

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软土机械化隧道开挖——冰积层开挖模式的选择与土壤改良添加剂的运用

Rolf Zumsteg, Lars Langmaack

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第6期页码 863-870 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2017.11.006

摘要：

高山区地层历史受冰川活动影响，冰川活动对该区域地下工程的影响很大。机械化隧道开挖必须适应可靠和蚀变岩石，必须适应同一条隧道沿线软硬不均土层（透水砾石—软黏土沉积物）。本文主要介绍在瑞士使用隧道掘进机（TBM）的经验，重点介绍穿越软硬不均软土过程中的土壤改良问题。过去大部分隧道均采用泥水模式（SM）掘进，该模式下不同添加剂的使用主要限于高渗透性困难地段和更换工具及改装等需要停止掘进时。对于不太常见的土压平衡模式（EPBM）掘进，连续泡沫改良及额外采用聚合物和膨润土经证明是成功的。调节添加剂的使用使泥浆分离（对于SM）和开挖土料处理（对于EPBM）时面临新的挑战。如果在设计和开挖模式评估阶段提前考虑按符合环境法律规定的方式处理土压平衡（EPB）掘进过程中产生的经化学处理的软土料，则EPBM 有利于冰积层隧道掘进施工。

关键词：土壤改良土压平衡盾构泥水盾构机械化隧道开挖

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Effect of cutterhead configuration on tunnel face stability during shield machine maintenance outages

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第4期页码 522-532 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0930-9

摘要： Owing to long-distance advancement or obstacles, shield tunneling machines are typically shut down for maintenance. Engineering safety during maintenance outages is determined by the stability of the tunnel face. Pressure maintenance openings are typically used under complicated hydrogeological conditions. The tunnel face is supported by a medium at the bottom of the excavation chamber and compressed air at the top. Owing to the high risk of face failure, the necessity of support pressure when cutterhead support is implemented and a method for determining the value of compressed air pressure using different support ratios must to be determined. In this study, a non-fully chamber supported rotational failure model considering cutterhead support is developed based on the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis. Numerical simulation is conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed model. The results indicate that appropriately increasing the specific gravity of the supporting medium can reduce the risk of collapse. The required compressed air pressure increases significantly as the support ratio decreases. Disregarding the supporting effect of the cutterhead will result in a tunnel face with underestimated stability. To satisfy the requirement of chamber openings at atmospheric pressure, the stratum reinforcement strength and range at the shield end are provided based on different cutterhead aperture ratios.

关键词： tunnel face stability cutterhead configuration aperture ratio pressure gradient support ratio

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大直径泥水盾构带压进仓地层加固及保压技术

孟海峰,苏清贵,翟志国

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第12期页码 70-74

摘要：

通过对北京铁路地下直径线带压进仓换刀工程实例的分析，探讨了注浆加固及桩基加固在地层加固中的应用，分析了带压进仓的漏气原因并采取相应的应对措施，保证了盾构的正常施工。

关键词：盾构带压进仓保压注浆

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Experimental study on slurry-induced fracturing during shield tunneling

Teng WANG, Dajun YUAN, Dalong JIN, Xinggao LI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 333-345 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0718-8

摘要： Facial support in slurry shield tunneling is provided by slurry pressure to balance the external earth and water pressure. Hydraulic fracturing may occur and cause a significant decrease in the support pressure if the slurry pressure exceeds the threshold of the soil or rock material, resulting in a serious face collapse accident. Preventing the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing in a slurry shield requires investigating the effects of related influencing factors on the hydraulic fracturing pressure and fracture pattern. In this study, a hydraulic fracturing apparatus was developed to test the slurry-induced fracturing of cohesive soil. The effects of different sample parameters and loading conditions, including types of holes, unconfined compressive strength, slurry viscosity, and axial and circumferential loads, on the fracturing pressure and fracture dip were examined. The results indicate that the fracture dip is mainly affected by the deviator stress. The fracturing pressure increases linearly with the increase in the circumferential pressure, but it is almost independent of the axial pressure. The unconfined compressive strength of soil can reflect its ability to resist fracturing failure. The fracturing pressure increases with an increase in the unconfined compressive strength as well as the slurry viscosity. Based on the test results, an empirical approach was proposed to estimate the fracturing pressure of the soil.

关键词： slurry shield tunneling hydraulic fracturing test fracturing pressure fracture dip unconfined compressive strength slurry viscosity

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Coulomb-type solutions for passive earth pressure with steady seepage

WANG Junjie, CHAI Hejun, LIN Xin, XU Jiamei

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第1期页码 56-66 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0001-2

摘要： Present paper deals with the computing of passive earth pressure acting on the vertical rigid retaining wall supporting the soil mass subjected to water seepage. The basic assumptions of Coulomb’s theory and the 2-dimensional steady flow function are used. Three Coulomb-type solutions for the passive earth pressures are presented for the walls provided with three different drainage systems respectively. Based on the general solutions, the variations of the critical inclination of the failure surface and the coefficient of passive earth pressure with increasing the effective friction angle of the soil mass, the soil/structure friction angle, and the water/soil unit weight ratio are discussed. Two tables with values of the coefficients of passive earth pressure for Cases 1 and 3 respectively are also presented.

关键词： function coefficient Coulomb-type effective friction different drainage

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基于抗浮稳定的盾构隧道合理覆土厚度研究

刘学彦,袁大军,姜曦

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第1期页码 88-95

摘要：

运用理论分析和数值计算相结合的方法，分别从施工期和运营期角度提出了隧道抗浮稳定合理覆土厚度设定原则和理论计算方法；对于隧道施工期，考虑土体侧向摩阻力和管片环间摩阻力的影响等较为有利因素，同时考虑未凝浆液的影响等不利因素，建立了合理覆土厚度的理论计算公式；对于隧道运营期，建议只考虑隧道上覆土体自重进行抗浮，对于存在洪水冲刷的隧道设计，其上覆土体厚度还要加上设计冲刷深度；为南京某在建隧道的纵断面设计提供了一定的参考，同时也为其他过江海盾构隧道满足抗浮稳定的覆土厚度设定提供理论支持。

关键词：抗浮安全；隧道施工期；隧道运营期；覆土厚度

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大埋深富水砂卵石地层泥水盾构带压换刀及动火焊接技术

程明亮,何峰,吕传田

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第12期页码 46-50

摘要：

通过北京铁路地下直径线工程盾构施工实践经验，总结了大埋深富水砂卵石地层泥水盾构施工中带压换刀技术以及特殊情况下的带压动火焊接技术。带压换刀的技术主要有两个方面:一是选择合理换刀地点及进舱工作压力，保证掌子面土体的稳定；二是进行开挖舱高浓度泥浆的置换和中盾高浓度泥浆的注入，有效地防止了气体的逃逸。在施工中成功实现了带压进舱250余次，工作压力从0.9 bar (1 bar=100 kPa)增加到2.8 bar，未发生任何安全事故。

关键词：泥水盾构砂卵石地层富水地层带压换刀焊接

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高压多晶X射线衍射方法的发展及其在地球深部研究中的应用 Review

张莉, 苑洪胜, 孟悦, 毛河光

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第3期页码 441-447 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.02.004

摘要：

下地幔占地球体积一半以上。在高温高压下对下地幔真实组分所开展的矿物学和岩石学实验是了解深部地幔演化过程的必要途径。激光加热的金刚石对顶压砧（laser-heated diamond anvil cell, LHDAC）是开展这类高温高压实验最常用的工具，实验产物通常包括从上百纳米到数微米尺寸不一的大量晶粒所组成的多相集合体。这些下地幔相的晶体结构往往不能在卸压后保存下来，因此必须对它们进行原位表征。相对于同步辐射光源设备中可用的聚焦X射线光斑尺寸（3~5 μm），晶粒尺寸要小一个量级，所得到的X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction, XRD）图谱通常显示为衍射斑点和衍射环的混合。由于多相衍射峰重叠严重，粉晶X射线衍射法无法对新相和弱相进行鉴定，因此采用传统XRD技术测定高温高压下多相混合物非常困难。我们最近在高压研究中所发展的同步辐射多晶X射线衍射法可以通过测定多相组合中成千上百个晶粒各自的晶面取向，使多相体系中单晶的指标化成为可能。一旦完成指标化，多晶混合物中的每一个晶粒都可以看作是单晶。因此，我们可以同时确定多相体系中新相和弱相的晶体结构。随着这一新方法的发展，我们开辟了深下地幔高温高压条件下的结晶学新领域。本文阐述了多相体系研究中的关键技术挑战，并通过高压多相X射线衍射法的成功应用实例，论证了该方法的独特能力。

关键词：高压同步辐射X射线多晶金刚石对顶压砧矿物学岩石学地球内部

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Experimental study on concrete box culverts in trenches

Baoguo CHEN, Junjie ZHENG, Jie HAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 73-80 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0008-3

摘要： Concrete box culverts are widely used in expressways in mountain areas. Many problems frequently take place due to improperly estimated vertical earth pressures on culverts. The prevailing Chinese General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts (CGCDHBC) stipulates the computation of the design load on culverts primarily based on the linear earth pressure theory, which cannot accurately describe the variation of the vertical load on culverts in trenches. In this paper, a full-scale experiment and numerical simulation were conducted to evaluate the variation of vertical earth pressures on culvert and soil arching in backfill. The variations of foundation pressure and settlement were also analyzed. The result revealed that the soil arch forms when the backfill on the culvert reaches a certain height. The soil arching effect reduces the stress concentration on the crown of the culvert but it is unstable. The vertical earth pressure on top of the culvert is significantly different from that recommended by the CGCDHBC

关键词： culvert vertical earth pressure soil arch full-scale experiment numerical simulation